Complimentary to visual emphasis in visual exclusion. I think visual emphasis is better understood interms of visual exlusion. Let us go through different kinds of visual exclusion possiblities.
Subject and Nothing Else approach
We focus only on the subject and totally blur everything else. This one is a well known and practiced approach. My favourite term for this is "on-a-stick-approach". While this works since every other images uses this approach it is not all that interesting - at least for me. I used it a lot till couple of years back but not very fond of this now. This technique is enabled easily by equipments 600/500mm f4 or macro lenses.
Emphasizing using Light Or Lack Of It
This is one of my favourite technique. After all photography is all about writing using light. Light can be effectively used to guide the viewers' eyes over elements of an image the way we desire. Sometimes this can get tricky too. Not properly done this may create some unwanted effects in images. For example the below image of the frog seem to have a some elements of unnatural feeling in it which I think is caused by some sudden variation in intensity of light not often seen. For this image I used my folded fingers infront of the frog against sunlight to create some spot light effect. What I think would have worked here is a kind of graduated ring with lesser density in the center.
Emphasing using Exclusion of Details
If there are details then human eye tend to go through them and analyze them. If we want to emphasize a portion of the image then one technique we can use is the de-emphasize other regions. One way to do that is to eliminate details. This can effectively be done using shallow depth of field and focussing on the area of interest as seen in above images. In above images I used my 105mm f2.8 micro lens and lots of extension tube to go close and focus on the regions (in this case eyes) that interest me in the composition.
If we depend on an image processing service for processing, then about 60-70% of the image is made by us and remaining
by the service house!! 30-40% of the image is simply not ours.
I strongly think an image portrays one's personality. In this case part of our image's personality
belongs to those who processed it for us. We may not like it - but that is what it is.
One way to circumvent this is to sit with the person and
get the image processed for your taste. Which is not at all practical when we have large number of images to process.
Fortunately, even a novice starter can learn these skills without
much difficulty. With that note, let me share some of my thoughts on 30-40% of the image making process. Purpose of this write up is not to talk about how to use curves,levels etc to process an image but it is about trying to understand the mood and do the matching processing instead of formula based processing. So I assume some familarity with image processing.
Let me attempt at talking about this complex topic using an example.
I made the above (first image at top) sunset image at Bharatpur. Beautiful December evening, a moody sunset. The image above (again the first image) is re-sized, un-processed, un-cropped scan from a slide.
Before we start processing the image we get a sense for kind of image. Rest of the process depends on it. At the outset this image above appears to have subtle mood in it. Now let us go through some of the processing decisions.
First step normally that we take is cropping the image. It hated cropping at one point when I was using slides. Thanks to todays digital technology, we get lot more quality and cropping has become the part of processing of every image !
Should I crop this ?
Lot of it may be personal. Yet, these are my views. This is a moody image. The feeling is caused by merged water and sky (no horizon line) , muted tones, expanse, subtle reflections in the foreground etc (difficult to clearly express). If I have to crop I have to do it for a better composition or to bring out details. I am comfortable with the composition above. More than that cropping will show up details in the image. In this case we may start seeing grass blades, birds etc. This results in viewers eye going over all of them. Looking at the cropped image above (the second image), I satisfied the rule of thirds but managed to kill the subtle mood totally.
So I decided against cropping.
Next step - levels or curves.
I mostly use levels. This first histogram below corresponds to the original unprocessed image. One of the lesson we have learnt while tweaking the levels of an image is to pull those three sliders. Pull highlight slider to where the curve ends, pull dark one to where it starts and adjust the mid tone slightly - or something similar along those lines.
Ok, let us adjust the levels using the formula. Pulling the level sliders -
And the resulting image -
How does this look like ? For my taste buds, the image got transformed. Calmness vanished - vibrancy increased. It is no more a moody image - comes very close to yet another typical sunset image. We just did what is generally accepted levelling procedure. Let us see how the actual levels looks like now -
Comparing this one with the original levels of the unmodified image, in the original image intensity levels are mostly spread across mid tone region. In this though we see most of it still in the mid-tone we also see it stretching to both ends. Human eyes now need to process far more different intensity levels while in the original image a viewer spent less time. In the original image after quickly processing our mind tried to relate it to some experince in life. In the latter, processing seem to go on in a loop - we did not get to the point of relating the image to our experience. In my view this levels adjustment is a failure. While trying to understand why some images are more moody compared to some others I was looking at a few of my images. Most of the images I have seen in my files which had a moody feeling seem to have intensity levels distributed mostly around mid-tones. Another important characteristics of such images being rate of change within the frame is very minimal. The lesson I learnt is for such images any processing that increases the rate of change may spoil the mood. Let me show you another such image and its levels -
And its levels -
Here is another image which is not moody and its associated levels after processing -
In this image as you can see rate of change experienced by human eye as it goes over the image is very large. Mind spends all the time in deciphering and understanding the image and appreciating the beauty. If I can say the act of viewing an image consists of two parts - first, eyes goes over it, mind decihers it and probably at the end appreciates with an expression (beautiful, wow! etc) and then the second part which is very crucial - mind tries to relate the image to something that is stored in the long term memory - when possible. It is this latter ability of an image where in viewers' mind can relate the image to what is stored in her/his long term memory makes it long lasting - lest images like this flower above for example gets buried quickly in viewers' mind. Very few images have this second quality.
Ok, let me get back to levels and the sunset image. As we can see it is important to carefully adjust levels to enhance the mood portrayed in the image. As far as the sunset image goes, decision I took was not to touch levels.
Next step - sharpening
Now let us see how sharpening affects the sunset mood.
Compare this with the original image at the top. What you think ? It may become very personal at this point but this is what I think.
Sun looks a bit more pleasing, better defined, so are rest of the elements in the image which is not very desirable. My eyes now spend more time going through the image (I get more curious about those dots and twigs) and I some how feel the abstract mood got weakened. My eyes could quickly look at the original sunset image and relate some how to a devine night raga(tune) of Hundustani classical music. That calmness seem to have got lost. The image became more materialistic in some sense.
Or in other words, some undefined connection the original image had for what is stored in my long term memory seem to have got lost or weakened. So the decision - not to sharpen it. But as we know sharpening is very essential for most of the images. For example, without right amount of sharpening the image of the flower above will totally look charmless. But, it is important to know when to sharp, when to blur (how often do we blur our images intead of sharpening ?), amount to sharpen etc. All these steps can very subtly impact mood of an image. Let me not go through other tools like, brightness, contrast, shadow/highlight etc. We should use them to go with the mood that we would like to portay.
To sum-up, post processing is part of making an image if you are using digital. About 30-40% of image making is still remaining even after shutter release. If you take help from a service house for processing your images then do sit with them and get remaining part of your vision imparted to your image. Every step in post processing has to be a conscious decision on your part - not definitely a formula/action based to pull up or down a few levers in Photoshop or any other imge processing software. Learning post processing is not a rocket science - everyone of us can learn this skill - just a matter of time. Last but not least, listen to your heart and process your images.
Good luck to you all in making long lasting images!!
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Thanks in advance
- Ganesh H Shankar
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